ACTIVITIES UNIT. 1. THE EARTH and UNIT 2. THE EARTH'S RELIEF. SOLUTIONS.

Solutions:
Activities "THE GEOGRAPHIC GRID".
1. A: Latitude 70º N, Longitude 150º W; B: Latitude 20º S, Longitude 130º W; C: Latitude 40º N, Longitude 20ºW; D: Latitude 70º N, Longitude 100ºE; E: Latitude 30ºS, Longitude 80º E.

2. UNIT 1. THE EATRH AND ITS REPRESENTATION

With an A	The envelope of gases surrounding the Earth.	Atmosphere
With a C	A system of projection that translates the meridians and parallels onto a cone. It is the most appropriate way to represent the mod-latitudes, between the tropics and the polar circles.	Conical projection
With a C	A projection system that translate the parallels and meridians onto a cylinder. It is the best method to represent the low latitudes between the equator and the tropics.	Cylindrical projection.
With a D	The time each morning at which daylight first begins. Sunrise.	Dawn
With an E	A line notionally drawn on the earth equidistant from the poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0.	Equator
Contains an F	The different shapes that the surface of the Earth has adopted over millions of year, as a result of internal forces.	Relief
With a G	A coordinate system that allows us to find every location on the Earth by its latitude and longitude.	Geographic coordinates
With a G	A scale that use a graduated ruler to indicate the equivalent to ground distance.	Graphical scale
With a H	Half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator, or into western and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the poles.	Hemisphere
Contains an I	The time of year when the Sun´s rays fall perpendicular to one of tropics. A 24-hour night takes place in one of the poles while the other has a 24-hours day.	Solstice
Contains  a K	The darker stage of twilight, especially in the evening. To become or make dark or dusky.	Dusk
With an L	The distance, measured in degrees, from any given point to parallel 0º or the equator.	Latitude
With an L	A year, occurring once every four years, which has 366 days including 29 February as an intercalary day. It is due to the orbit movement.	Leap year
With a M	A representation of the spherical surface of the Earth, or a part of it, on a flat surface.	Map
With an M	Imaginary semicircles traced from pole to pole. We use them to measure the longitude.	Meridians
With an N	A scale that use a fraction to indicate the equivalent to ground distance. The numerator designates the distance on the map, and the denominator tells us its equivalent on the ground.	Numerical scale
With an O	The movement of the Earth around the sun.	Orbit
With a P	A celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star.	Planet
With a P	A projection system that translates the meridians and parallels onto a plane that touches the Earth on one of the poles. It is the most appropriate method to represent the polar areas.	Projection onto a plane
With a P	Imaginary lines that encircle the Earth, perpendicular to its axis. We use them to measure the latitude.	Parallels
With an R	The turning of the Earth around its imaginary axis.	Rotation
With an S	The number or graphic that indicates the relation between a distance drawn on the map and the same distance on the ground.	Scale
With a T	Any of the 24 longitudinal divisions of the earth's surface in which a standard time is kept.	Time zone
With a T	A type of map that represents in detail the physical and human aspects of the territory: relief, water, flora, communication routes, land use etc.	Topographic map
With a T	A type of map that represents a specific geographical aspect such as climate, relief, population, etc.	Thematic map
Contains a  U	A distance, measured in degrees, from any given point to meridian 0º or Greenwich.	Longitude
Contains an X	The time of year when the Sun´s rays fall perpendicular to the equator. The Sun illuminates the North Pole and the South Pole for the same number of hours.	Equinox
Contains a Y	A sun with planets, asteroids, comets, etc. in orbit around it.	Solar system

Activity: EARTH'S LANDFORMS.

UNIT 1. THE RELIEF.

With an A	Huge extensións of flat terrain located between the continental shelfs with a depth of between 4. 000 and 5. 000 metres.	Abyssal plain
Contains  a B	Flat surfaces found along the sea shore, are formed by the acumulation of sediments.	Beach
With a C	An area where the coast juts into the sea or land surfaces that are partially surrounded by the sea.	Cape
With a C	elevated areas with a very steep side located on a coast.	Cliff
With a C	The exterior layer of the Earth, is made up of solid rock.	Crust
With a D	A coastal landform located at the mounth of a river, formed by the accumulation of sediments.	Delta
With an E	Sudden movements of the Earth’s crust caused by the clash of two tectonic plates.	Earthquake
Contains an F	A glacial valley which have been flooded by the sea.	Fjord
With a G	Areas where the sea is partially enclosed by  the Earth	Gulf
With a E	River valleys which have been flooded by the sea.	Estuary.
With a H	Consists of all the water in the surface of the Earth.	Hidrosphere
Contains an I	Is the extension of land which links the peninsula to the continent.	Ithsmus
With an L	The outer solid layer of the Earth, is made up of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.	Litosphere
With an L	A depression filled by water	Lake
With a M	Elevated landforms which have an altitude of more tan 600 metres and very steep slopes.	Mountain
With an M	Old mountains which have rounded forms.	Massif
Contains a N	A gentle slope that extends from the continents beneath the sea waters.	Continental shelf
With an O	The process that explain the apparition of mountains. It occurs in the area where two tectonic plates come into contact.	Orogenesis
With a P	extension of land surrounded by water on all sides except one.	Peninsula
With a P	Extensive áreas of flat or gently undulating land which are located at an altitude of less than 200 metres above sea level.	Plain
With a P	Elevated plains which are located at altitudes of more tan 200 metres above sea level.	Plateau
With an R	Large group of mountains.	Mountain Range
With an R	Underwater mountains systems of several thousands metres of height.	Oceanic Ridge
With a T	Narrow elongated drepressions which cut the abyssal plains	Oceanic Trench
With a T	Huge wave that appear as a consequence of a underwater earthquake.	Tsunami
With a S	Sharp decline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain.	Continental Slope
With a V	Sunken area of terrain located between mountains or plateaus	Valley
With a V	ruptures in Earth’s crust through which magma are released onto Earth’s Surface	Volcano

LAS ACTIVIDADES ECONÓMICAS.

NECESIDADES ECONÓMICAS.

Todas las personas tenemos necesidades. Podemos dividir estas necesidades en:

• Primarias, que resultan indispensables para poder sobrevivir: alimento, ropa, vivienda.

• Secundarias, que aumentan nuestro bienestar: ocio, comunicación, relación, transporte, etc...

Nuestras necesidades son ilimitadas, pero los recursos que tenemos son limitados. Por ello, es necesario seleccionar que bienes o servicios a producir y como satisfacerlos. 

LA ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA.

Conjunto de actividades desarrolladas por los seres humanos para cubrir las  necesidades de las personas y las sociedades, produciendo:

• bienes (materiales): comida, productos.
• Servicios (inmateriales): 

PRODUCCIÓN, COMERCIALIZACIÓN Y CONSUMO.

Hay tres fases en la actividad económica: la producción, la comercialización y el consumo.

Fase de producción, es la fase en las que las empresas deciden que, como y cuantos bienes y servicios se van a producir. Hay dos tipos de bienes:

• bienes de consumo: satisfacen directamente las necesidades de los consumidores. Por ejemplo, un coche.

• bienes de producción: maquinas y herramientas que permiten producir bienes de consumo. Por ejemplo, un robot industrial, utilizado para fabricar coches.

La producción de servicios, conlleva la producción de bienes de producción para proporcionarlos.

Fase de comercialización: incluye todas las actividades que permiten llevar los productos al consumidor, incluye:

1. El almacenamiento.
2. El transporte.
3. La venta.

Distinguimos dos niveles en la comercialización:

• Vental al por mayor, realizada por mayoristas que compran grandes cantidades de productos para venderlos a otros comerciantes o empresas.
• Venta al detalle, realizada  por minoristas compran pequeñas cantidades  de mercancía y las venden al público.

Fase de consumo: compra de bienes y servicios por parte de las personas para satisfacer sus necesidades.

El consumismo es el afán de adquirir productos y servicios de forma masiva en una sociedad.

Sociedad de consumo, una sociedad en la que el consumismo se da de forma generalizada. Conduce a dos problemas:

• agotamiento de recursos.
• problemas medioambientales.

REPRESENTING THE EARTH: maps and systems of projection.

It is imposible to translate a sphere into a flat surface without change it, the same way that is impossible to flatten the skin of an orange without breaking it, because a flat surface and an sphere have different characteristics.

For exmple, in a flat surface the sum of the angles of a triangle always sums 180º, but in a sphere always sums MORE than 180º.

Because of this a map never is going to be a perfect representation of the Earth's surface.

Maps and their elements.
A map is a simplified representation of the Earth's spherical surface, or a part of it, depicted on a flat surface. 

In order to make a map, cartographers need three elements:a system of projection, a scale and set of standard sings or legend.

System of projection.

-A system of projection is a system that allow us to represent a spherical surface on a flat surface, translating the network of parallels and meridians.There are three main types of systems of projection:

• cylindrical projection, transfers the grid of parallels and meridians into a cylinder. It is the best method to represent the low latitudes the low latitudes between the Equator and the tropics.

• Conic or conical projection, transfer the grid of parallels and meridians into a cone. It is the best method to represent the mid-latitudes.
• Azimuthal or plane projection, transfers the grid of parallels and meridians into a flat surface. It is the most appropiate method to represent the polar areas.

-Scale is the method that we use to indicate the relation between a distance drawn on the map and the same distance on the ground. There are two types of scale:

• Numerical scale. It is indicates the relationship between the unit used to make the map and the reality. Usually a fraction is used. the numerator indicates the distance on the map and the denominator its equivalent on the ground.

• Graphic scale.It consists of a straigh line divided into segments. Every segment is equivalent to a real distance in the ground.

Legend or key of the map: is a set of colours, standar signs or symbols used to represent reality in the map in a simplified form.

Types of maps:
There are two types of maps:

• Topographic or basic maps: represent in detail the physical and human aspects of the territory.
• Thematic maps: represent a specific geographica aspect.