SOLUTIONS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITS 3 AND 4.

UNIT 3. ACTIVITIES.

1.

With an A	A young mountain range located between the Italian peninsula and the rest of Europe.	Alps
With an A	A cape located in the Antarctic continent.	Cape adare
With a B	A big peninsula located in the south of Europe.	Balkan peninsula
With a B	A young mountain range located in the Balkan Peninsula.	Balkans
With a C	A peninsula located in the north of Australia	Cape York Peninsula
With a D	One of the largest river in Europe. It flows into the Black Sea	Danube
With an E	The highest peak in Europe	Elbrus
With an F	A gulf located in the Baltic Sea	Gulf of Finland.
With a G	A gulf located next to the Italian peninsula	Gulf of Genoa
With a G	A huge plain that occupy most of the eastern europe	Great European plain.
With a G	A huge mountain range located in the eastern part of Australai	Great Dividing Range.
Contains an H	A young mountain range located in the eastern part of Europe	Carphatian mountains
With an H	A mountain range located in the western part of Australia	Hammersley range
With an I	A big península located in the south of Europe. It has the shape of a boot.	Italian Peninsula
With an I	An island located next to the western coast of the European continent. It is known as the “emerald island”.	Ireland.
With an J	An old massif located in the western part of Europe.	Jura
With a M	And old massif located in the western part of Europe	Massif Central
With an M	A mountain range located in the center of Australia	Macdonnel Range
With an M	Another river located in Oceania	Murray
With an N	A sea located between Great Britain and the Scandinavian Peninsula.	North Sea
With a P	A river located in the Italian peninsula	Po
Contains a P	A river that flows into the Black Sea	Dnieper
With an R	A important european river that flows into the North Sea between the River Seine and the Elbe	Rhine
With an R	A sea located in the Antarctic continent	Ross sea
With an S	A river located in the western part of Europe. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean	Seine
With a T	A sea located between New Zealand and Australia	Tasman Sea
With a T	The largest river of the Iberian Peninsula	Tagus (Tajo)
With a  U	A mountain range located between Asia and Europe.	Ural Mountains.
With a V	The highest peak of the Antarctica continent.	Vinson Massif
With an V	The longest river in Europe. It flows into the Caspian Sea.	Volga

  2.

 

3. HANGMAN.

And old massif located in the Scandinavian Peninsula.

SCANDINAVIAN MOUNTAINS.

The highest peak in Europe.

ELBRUS.

A big european island located in the Mediterranean Sea and triangular shaped.

SICILY

A gulf located between the Iberian Peninsula and the Britanny península.

BAY OF BISCAY.

A cape located in the northern of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

NORTH CAPE.

A sea located between the Italian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula.

ADRIATIC SEA.

A river located in the italian península which flows into the Tyrrhenian sea.
TIBER RIVER.    r    

UNIT 4. ACTIVITIES.

ACTIVITIES:

1. Indicate which of these phrases refers to weather and which to climate.

a). The summers in Madrid are very hot and almost without precipitations. CLIMATE.
b). The evening was cloudy and windy in London yesterday. WEATHER.
c). Weather is always hot and rainy in Indonesia. CLIMATE
d). This June has been hotter than usual in Seville. WEATHER.
e). They said that winters are very cold in Bergen. CLIMATE.
f). Last week was raining all the time in Barcelone. WHEATER.

2. Match the definitions with the right word:

a). The layer in which take place the weather phenomena. b). The hottest layer of the atmosphere. c). The coldest layer of the atmosphere. d). The last layer of the atmosphere, located at an altitude of between 500 and 10.000 kilometres. e). The layer in which the ozone layer is located. 3. Correct answers: a), 4; b), 3; c), 2; d), 1; e, 5.

1.         Exosphere. 2.        Mesosphere. 3.         Ionosphere. 4.     Trosposphere. 5.         Stratosphere.

 

 

4.

5. Identify the elements highlighted in the map and answer these questions:

a). How is going to be the weather in the zone surrounded by a circle: sunny, cloudy? Is going to rain? Explain why.

b) What does mean the numbers that appear in the lines of the map?

a) As you can see a huge área of high pressure (anticyclone) is located over the Iberian Peninsula, because of this the weather is going to be sunny and without precipitations, nevertheless in the northwestern part of the Peninsula appears a hot front which is going to produces rainfalls.

b) The numbers represent the atmospheric pressure that correspond to the isobar in which they are located. A number greater than 1.013 indicates an area of high pressure, whereas a number smaller than 1. 1013 indicates an area of low pressure.

6. Review game.

With an A	A device use to measure the speed of the wind.	Anemometer
With a B	a extensive región characterised by its own climatic features and vegetation.	Bioclimate
With a C	science which study the various types of climate.	Climatology
With a D	An area of low atmospheric pressure	Depression
With an E	vegetation (trees and shrubs) which retain their leaves during all the year.	evergreen
With an F	areas of contact between two air massess with different characteristics	front
With a G	A vegetal fomartion composed of grass.	Grassland
With a H	Area of contact between two air masses in which a depression advances upon a anticyclone. It is represented with a red line with semicircles.	Hot front.
With an I	lines that connect all the points with the same temperature	Isotherm
Contains  an I	A factor that explain why the average temperature in the Alps is lower than in the Great European plain.	altitude
With an L	Factor that explain why the average annual temperature in Madrid is higher than in London.	Latitude
With a M	The coldest layer of the atmosphere.	Mesosphere
With an M	A seasonal wind typical of the South East of Asia.	Monssons
Contains a N	One of the layers of the atmosphere. It is the hottest part of it.	Ionosphere
With an O	A gas that protects Earth against the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.	Ozone
With a P	Fall of water from the clouds onto the Earth’s surface.	Precipitation
With an R	Precipitation in liquid state.	Rainfall
Contains an S	Factor that explains why the average precipitation level in the interior of the Peninsula Iberica is lower than in the coast.	Distance from the sea
With a T	The layer of the atmosphere located next to the Earth Surface. Is a part of the biosphere	Troposphere
With a T	A climatic zone characterized by high precipitation levels and high average temperatures.	Torrid zone
Contains an X	The most exterior layer of the atmosphere.	Exosphere
Contains a Y	Imaginary lines that connect all the poinst with the same precipitation levels.	Isoyeths
With a W	Device use to determine the direction of the wind.	Weather vane.

EL HUMANISMO.

Definición.

El Humanismo fue una corriente cultural aparecida en Europa durante el siglo XV que estuvo íntimamente ligada al Renacimiento.

• El Humanismo tuvo su origen en el redescubrimiento de la cultura clásica. Los humanistas tradujeron a sus lenguas vernáculas las obras clásicas de los autores griegos y latinos, y empezaron a estudiar el arte y la cultura clásicas.
• Además supuso el abandono del teocentrismo medieval que situaba a Dios en el centro del mundo y que afirmaba que la doctrina de la Iglesia podía dar respuesta a todas la preguntas.

Las ideas de los humanistas.

 Las principales ideas de los humanistas fueron:

• Antropocentrismo. El Hombre es el más perfecto de los seres creados por Dios y el centro de la Naturaleza.
• La importancia de la razón. El hombre es libre y responsable de sus actos y debe utilizar la Razón para entender el mundo que le rodea.
• El método científico. El conocimiento se debe basar en la observación y la experimentación, rechazando el principio de autoridad propio de la Edad Media.
• Idea del progreso. El hombre debe utilizar la razón para mejorar la sociedad y construir un mundo mejor.
• La importancia de la Educación, basada en el razonamiento y centrada en la filosofía, la Historia, el Arte y la Literatura. 

Las Academias.

Con el fin de extender sus ideas y favorecer el conocimiento los humanistas crearon academias, centros dedicados al intercambio de teorías y conocimientos. Las más importantes se encontraban en Florencia y Padua. Los principales representantes del Humanismo fueron:

• Petrarca considerado su primer gran representante.
• Pico della Mirandola que intento crear una síntesis de la cultura clásica, judía y cristiana.
• Baltasar Castigilione desarrollo el modelo de hombre humanista.
• En la política destacaron, Tomas Moro, autor de Utopía, en la que defendía una sociedad igualitaria; y Nicolas Maquiavelo que utilizaba la razón de Estado para justificar las acciones de los gobernantes. 
•  Científicos, destaca Vesalio que estudió el funcionamiento del cuerpo humano y Copérnico que defendío la teoría heliocéntrica.
• Uno de los más destacados fue Erasmo de Roterdam que defendía el libre-pensamiento y la necesidad de la educación y la tolerancia. Su pensamiento se extendió por toda Europa dando lugar al Erasmismo.
• En España, destacaron los seguidores del Erasmismo y el principal centro humanista fue Alcalá de Henares. Los autores más importantes fueron Luis Vives y los hermanos Juan y Alfonso de Valdés.

Geocentrismo vs. Heliocentrismo

Nicolas Maquiavelo. Citas: "... yo no digo nunca lo que creo, ni creo nunca lo que digo, y si se me escapa alguna verdad de vez en cuando, la escondo entre tantas mentiras, que es difícil reconocerla.”
"no se debe guardar ninguna consideración a lo justo o lo injusto, lo piadoso o lo cruel, lo laudable o lo vergonzoso, sino que, dejando de lado cualquier otro respeto, se ha de seguir aquel camino que salve la vida de la patria y mantenga su libertad."

Tomas Moro. Citas:" Entre sus más antiguas instituciones cuentan, ciertamente,  con una por la que se establece que nadie ha de sufrir molestias a causa de la religión que profese." "(...)Dejáis que den a los niños una educación abominable que corrompe sus almas desde sus más tiernos años. ¿Es necesario pues que los castiguemos por los crímenes que no son culpa de ellos cuando llegan a ser hombres? Porque ¿Qué otra cosa hacéis de ellos sino ladrones que luego castigáis?"

La imprenta.

Hasta mediados del siglo XV, los manuscritos eran copiados a mano por los monjes en los monasterios. Como consecuencia: 

• Se producían pocos libros y muy lentamente.
• Muy caros.

Esto cambia con la invención de la imprenta. La imprenta fue inventada por Gutenberg en la ciudad de Maguncia en 1455. Se basaba en los siguientes elementos:

1. El uso de la tipografía: la combinación de tipos móviles. Los tipos eran moldes de madera o metal con las distintas letras del alfabeto. Los tipos se colocaban en una placa para componer una página.
2. La placa se empapaba en tinta usando un tampón.
3. Se colocaba la placa en una prensa para imprimir la página en papel.
4. La página se secaba y era corregida por un corrector.

La imprenta presentaba las siguientes ventajas:

• Se podían imprimir miles de ejemplares de un libro en poco tiempo.
• El coste era mucho más reducido.
• Se eliminaban los errores que cometían los copistas. 

La imprenta llego a España en la decada de 1470. Uno de los primeros libros impresos fue la Biblia Políglota, elaborada por Antonio de Nebrija por iniciativa del cardenal Cisneros.

Réplica de la imprenta de Gutenberg.

Imprenta de Gutenberg.